Introduction

Molecular Marker is a molecule contained in an organism or non-organism, it could be used to reveal certain characteristics about the source. There are three different molecular markers: genetic markers, biochemical markers and non-biological markers, while the genetic marker is the marker which we gonna discussing below.

A genetic marker is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome, it could correspond to a gene or non-coding regions of the genome, differences at the DNA level could be detected. There are two types of molecular markers:

1. Based on nucleic acid hybridization (non-PCR based approaches): 

RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) was the first technology employed for the detection of polymorphism, based on the DNA sequence differences. RFLP is mainly based on the altered restriction enzyme sites, as a result of mutations and recombinations of DNA.

Fig.1 RFLP analysis procedure

2. Based on PCR amplification (PCR-based approaches):

Including locus non-specific markers like random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and locus-specific markers e.g. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

For example, during RAPD analysis, the DNA isolated from the genome is denatured the template molecules are annealed with primers, and amplified by PCR, the amplified products are separated on electrophoresis and identified.

Fig. 2 RAPD analysis procedure

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