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Location: Home > Custom Services > Molecular Biology Services > TEM and STEM

TEM and STEM

Date: 2018-01-25 Author: Leading Biology Click: 2670

Transmission Electron Microscopy 


Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method in the physical, chemical and biological sciences.


TEM instruments boast an enormous array of operating modes including conventional imaging,  diffraction, spectroscopy, and combinations of these. Even within conventional imaging, there are many fundamentally different ways that contrast is produced, called "image contrast mechanisms." Contrast can arise from position-to-position differences in the thickness or density, atomic number, crystal structure or orientation, the slight quantum-mechanical phase shifts that individual atoms produce in electrons that pass through them, the energy lost by electrons on passing through the sample and more. Each mechanism tells the user a different kind of information, depending not only on the contrast mechanism but on how the microscope is used—the settings of lenses, apertures, and detectors. For this reason, TEM is regarded as an essential tool for nanoscience in both biological and materials fields.




Transmission Electron Microscopy

Fig. 1 Structure of TEM


Introduction of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combines the principles of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and can be performed on either type of instrument, As with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), images are formed by electrons passing through a sufficiently thin specimen. A typical STEM is a conventional transmission electron microscope equipped with additional scanning coils, detectors, and necessary circuitry, which allows it to switch between operating as a STEM, or a CTEM; however, dedicated STEMs are also manufactured.

High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopes require exceptionally stable room environments. In order to obtain atomic-resolution images in STEM, the level of vibration, temperature fluctuations, electromagnetic waves, and acoustic waves must be limited in the room housing the microscope.

 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Fig. 2 Difference between three types of microscopes




Advantages of TEM and STEM

  • TEMs offer the most powerful magnification, potentially over one million times or more;
  • TEMs have a wide-range of applications and can be utilized in a variety of different scientific, educational and industrial fields;
  • TEMs provide information on element and compound structure;
  • Images are high-quality and detailed;
  • TEMs are able to yield information of surface features, shape, size and structure;
  • They are easy to operate with proper training.

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