Post-transcriptional processing of RNA in eukaryotes involves three steps- 5’ end capping, poly-adenylation and splicing. During post-transcriptional processing, portions of the RNA chain that are not supposed to be translated into proteins are cut out of the sequence.
1. Capping: Once the 5’ end of a nascent RNA extends free of the RNA, it is ready to be capped by a 7-methylguanosine structure. This 5’ “cap” serves as a recognition site for the transport of the completed mRNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
2. Poly-adenylation: poly-A tail is added to 3' end of RNA.
3. Splicing: the non-coding regions are removed from the pre-RNA and exons, the coding regions are joined together to form a mature RNA. In this way, post-transcriptional processing helps increase the efficiency of protein synthesis by allowing only specific protein-coding RNA to go on to be translated.
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