Many factors can affect gene expression:
· Gene copy number: The number of gene copies available for transcription. The higher the gene copy number, the greater the level of expression.
· Promoters: Important in regulating gene expression. The closer a promoter is to the ideal consensus sequence, the more higher affinity the site is for RNA polymerase and the more likely it is to generate a transcript.
· Ribosome binding sites: the closer the RBS is to an ideal consensus sequence, the higher affinity that the site is for the ribosome complex, and the greater number of translations will take place off that single transcript.
· Codon usage: A gene optimized for human production may be expressed very slowly in bacteria because the codon usage in the human gene corresponds to low-concentration tRNA’s in the bacteria.
· Protein stability: Adjustments of the amino acid content of the protein can make proteins with long or short half-lives.
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